Cayman Ironwood tree

Ironwood Chionanthus caymanensis Stearn, Bot. Notiser 132:58 (1979)  

OLEACEAE Olive Family

Cayman Islands endemic, Endangered tree
FLORA of the CAYMAN ISLANDS by George R. Proctor, 2012, published by Kew p.595, Fig.221, Pl.58 
Wild Trees in the Cayman Islands BY Fred Burton, illustrated by Penny Clifford, 2007, p.144/220

Threatened Plants of the Cayman Islands The Red List by Frederic J. Burton, 2008, p.49

There are many plants around the world with the common name ‘Ironwood’, but Chionanthus caymanensis, the tree called Ironwood in the Cayman Islands is endemic – it grows only on Grand Cayman, Little Cayman and Cayman Brac and nowhere else in the world, in rocky woodlands, close to a fresh water table. 

Ironwood tree and Banana Orchid (Myrmecophila thomsoniana var. thomsoniana), 
two Cayman endemics.

Photo: Ann Stafford, Lower Valley forest, Jan.13, 2002

Grand Cayman Nature Tours

Cayman Islands Ironwood grows to 10 m tall.

Ironwood tree with Old George (Hohenbergia caymanensis), a giant Bromeliad, 
growing in its branches, in a George Town garden. Both are Cayman endemics.

Photo: Ann Stafford, Aug. 23, 2002.

Cayman Islands ENDEMICS pictures
Plants and creatures

The leaves are arranged in exactly OPPOSITE pairs. 

Photo: Ann Stafford, Grand Cayman, Nov. 13,2006.

The flowers are small, fragrant and white in many-flowered panicles. 

Ironwood in bloom in a George Town garden.

Photo: Ann Stafford, May 1, 2011.

Many-flowered panicle.

Photo: Ann Stafford, George Town garden, Grand Cayman, May 1, 2011.

 Ironwood flowers and leaves from a George Town garden.

Ann Stafford's Virtual Herbarium, May 1, 2011.

Cayman Virtual HERBARIUM images 

The fruits, purple when ripe, are an oval drupe and are eaten by birds and rock iguanas.

Cayman’s Ironwood is a culturally significant tree.   

 Cousin Cora's Cottage, Boggy Sand Road, West Bay.  
The original one room wattle-and-daub house was built in 1913, with Ironwood posts and Silver Thatch roof. It was the home of Captain McLaren Henning, his wife Cora and their six children.

Photo: Lorna McCubbin, 1998

Cousin Cora's Cottage, made of wattle and daub with ironwood posts,

Boggy Sand Road, West Bay.

Photo: Lorna McCubbin, 1998

Cousin Cora's Cottage showing wattle and daub interior with ironwood posts,

Boggy Sand Road, West Bay.

Photo: Lorna McCubbin, 1998

The heavy wood is very hard, strong, termite and water-rot resistant, not inclined to warp. It was traditionally used for the foundation posts of houses.

 Lorna McCubbin in her wattle-and-daub house,Cousin Cora's Cottage

Photo: Ann Stafford, Boggy Sand Road, West Bay, Jan.19, 2003

Ironwood post base.

Photo: Ann Stafford,Jan.19, 2003

Cayman CULTURAL pictures
Step-wells, traditional buildings, games, arts and crafts, house-shaped grave markers, ships, Cayman catboats, monuments, maps, stamps, Hell and more.

 

 A young Ironwood tree was planted in George Town.

Photo: Ann Stafford, Feb.22, 2004

Ironwood - living fence post, Grand Cayman.

Photo: Ann Stafford, July 31, 2006

Ironwood - Chionanthus caymanensis is the predominant tree in the Ironwood Forest,

George Town, Grand Cayman. 

University College of the Cayman Islands hall has white roof (mid-right).

Photo: Lois Blumenthal, June 2007.

Ironwood Forest - pictures and maps 

 Ironwood - Chionanthus caymanensis, Endangered endemic,
is the predominant tree in the Ironwood Forest.
Old George - Hohenbergia caymanensis, 
a Critically Endangered Grand Cayman endemic giant Bromeliad,
grows on the pinnacle rock and up in the trees.
Photo: Ann Stafford, Sept.11, 2005.

Ironwood with Resurrection Fern - Polypodium polypodioides growing on the trunk.
Photo: Ann Stafford, Oct.9, 2005

CaymANNature FLORA 

Pictures of Cayman Islands plants

Endangered Ironwood with other native trees in a George Town garden,
Mahogany - Swietenia mahagoni Endangered, Spanish Elm - Cordia gerascanthus Endangered, Broadleaf - Cordia sebestena var. caymanensis Vulnerable, Popnut - Thespesia populnea Endangered, Silver Thatch - Coccothrinax proctorii Endangered, Bull Hoof - Bauhinia divaricata and Burn Nose - Daphnopsis americana Critically Endangered.

Photo: Ann Stafford, March 5, 2012.

Cayman Gardens - photos 

Silver Thatch - Coccothrinax proctorii and Ironwood,

2 Cayman endemics, Colliers Wilderness Road.

Photo: Ann Stafford, Dec.1, 2013.

Cayman Nature Consultant and Tour Guide 

Tea Banker - Pectis caymanensis

Tea Banker Pectis caymanensis

P. Ann van B. Stafford
Text published in Cayman Islands Department of Environment Newsletter FLICKER #4, December 2009.
(The pictures may differ from those in FLICKER #4.)

Tea Banker, Mint   Pectis caymanensis (Urb.) Rydb. 1916

Synonyms: Pectis cubensis of Hitchcock, 1893, not Griseb., 1866  Pectis cubensis var. caymanensis Urb.,1907

Family: ASTERACEAE  (COMPOSITAE)

P. c.  var. caymanensis Cuba and the Cayman Islands 
P. c.  var. robusta Grand Cayman endemic
(Proctor, 1984) 

CaymANNature Flora pictures

Tea Banker, a small mat-like herb with a woody taproot, leaves with a distinctive, lovely lemony smell and little yellow flowers, has traditionally been used in Cayman to make a refreshing tea.

History

It was first recorded in the botanical literature of Grand Cayman in 1899 by Charles F. Millspaugh M.D. Department of Botany Curator, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, Illinois. Millspaugh was a guest of Allison V. Armour, the Chicago meat-packing millionaire, on a West Indian cruise of the yacht ‘Utowana’; they visited the Cayman Islands during February, 1899. The chief set of Millspaugh’s specimens is in the herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. Millspaugh published lists of his collection.

On February 8, 1899, the ‘Utowana’ stopped at The Creek ,‘Cayman Brae’ (Cayman Brac)  A Norther sprang up in the night, so they had to leave for  a point further west, where they anchored. They did some more collecting and then sailed on to Little Cayman, but found no safe harbour. They reached Georgetown (sic), Grand Cayman after dark on Feb. 9. The Health Officer forbade them to land as their last port (Port Antonio, Jamaica) was reported to be infected with measles.  They were, however, given permission to go ashore elsewhere as long as they kept away from any other person or dwelling. Because of the Norther, they anchored at ‘Spot Bay’ (Spotts).

Tea Banker was originally called Pectis cubensis, it had been found in Cuba. Millspaugh found it on Grand Cayman on Feb.14, 1899: ‘Fine full masses of this species were found in the sand of the roadside at Spot Bay, Grand Cayman (1279), but not seen elsewhere on the island. It is called "Flat-weed," and is used in infusion as a stomachic tonic.’ (Millspaugh, 1889)

Culturally Significant

In a two page article entitled ‘Bush Medicine’, published in the February 1973 issue of the Nor’wester magazine,  Ena Watler wrote: “It has fine green leaves, grows real close to the ground, and has tiny yellow flowers. Stick a bunch of it in boiling water and add some sugar and you’ll have a nice cup of tea to improve your appetite”.  (Watler, 1973)

Tea Banker - Pectis caymanensis, there were a lot of plants
in the sandy beach ridge yard of Capt. Carl Bush, #972 South Church St, Grand Cayman.

The house has been moved and in recent years no Tea Banker has been seen here.

Photo: Ann Stafford, Oct.30, 2002.

Critically Endangered

Tea Banker occurs in two varieties P. caymanensis var. caymanensis, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Little Cayman and Cayman Brac, near endemic, and P. caymanensis var. robusta, Grand Cayman endemic. Both are Critically Endangered. (Burton, 2008)

Observations
Grand Cayman cemeteries and beach ridges

In recent years it has been found growing in some beach-ridge cemeteries. Do the plants die naturally in a prolonged dry season and sprout during the rainy season? Might it be an annual? This is a challenge to monitor, because it grows amongst Zoysia grass, Donkey Weed Stylosanthes hamata and other ground covers. It may have been pulled up and used for making tea. Cemeteries are weeded and raked.  Specimens of the plants I have found from four different locations on Grand Cayman all key out to P. c. var. robusta, the Grand Cayman endemic.

 

 Tea Banker - typical beach ridge habitat

Photo: Ann Stafford, South Sound, Grand Cayman, Nov.8, 2008

Sister Islands

Has anybody found Tea Banker on the Brac or Little Cayman in recent years?  var. caymanesis occurs in sandy clearings or soil-filled pockets of exposed limestone.

Conservation (P.c. var. robusta)

It is difficult to transplant. Although it can be grown from seed, it seems to require salt, such as at a beach ridge habitat, and fresh water, (when rain falls after the dry season), for the seeds to germinate.

 Tea Banker - typical beach ridge habitat

Photo: Ann Stafford, South Sound, Grand Cayman, Dec.1, 2013

Botanical description
Proctor, George R.  FLORA of the Cayman Islands, 1984, and second edition (in press):

Matlike perennial herb, subwoody at the base and with a woody taproot, the stems often pinkish; leaves oblong-linear or very narrowly lanceolate, 4-12 mm long, minutely scabrid toward the apex and sharply mucronate, and with 4-6 pairs of long cilia near the base. Peduncles mostly 5-10 mm long; ligules yellow, more or less longitudinally nerved. Achenes dark brown, minutely striate.

Occurs in two varieties which can be distinguished as follows:

Pectis caymanensis var. caymanensis   Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Cayman Brac and Cuba

Stems glabrous, seldom more than 12cm long; phyllaries ciliolate, c. 3mm long; ligules c. 3mm long;

achenes 2 - 2.5mm long, strigose with reddish hairs.

Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Cayman Brac and Cuba.

Occurs in sandy clearings or soil-filled pockets of exposed limestone. Frequently used to make a pleasantly aromatic tea.

Pectis caymanensis var. robusta  Proctor in Sloanea 1:4 1977

Stems sparingly hispidulous in lines, up to 25cm long or more; phyllaries glabrous, c.6mm long; ligules c. 5 mm long; achene 3 – 3.2mm long, glabrous or minutely white-strigillose toward the base.

Grand Cayman endemic. Found growing in gravelly sand near the sea.

This variety is generally larger and coarser in appearance than var. caymanensis.

Isotype of Pectis caymanensis var. robusta Proctor 

Pectis caymanensis var. robusta Proctor 

Critically Endangered, culturally significant Grand Cayman endemic,

small, aromatic mat-forming herb, South Sound sandy beach ridge,

virtual herbarium image, scanned at 600%.
 P. Ann van B. Stafford, June 6, 2006.

Pectis caymanensis var. robusta Proctor 

Critically Endangered Grand Cayman endemic,

small, aromatic mat-forming herb, South Sound sandy beach ridge,

scanned virtual herbarium image, P. Ann van B. Stafford, Dec.1, 2006.

Cayman Endemics images

Tea Banker - Pectis caymanensis - little clumps growing amongst the Zoysia grass,

Bodden Town Cemetery beach ridge.

Photo: Ann Stafford, Feb.19, 2010

Tea Banker - Pectis caymanensis - little clumps growing amongst the Zoysia grass,

Old Man Bay Cemetery beach ridge.

Photo: Ann Stafford, Feb.13, 2010

Please report observations to Cayman Islands Department of Environment.

References:

Burton, F.J.  Threatened Plants of the Cayman Islands The Red List 2008 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Millspaugh, Charles F.   Antillean Cruise of the Yacht Utowana  Dec. 1898 – Mar. 1899, Field Museum of Natural    History, Chicago www.archive.org/stream/plantaeutowanaepfimill/plantaeutowanaepfimill_djvu.txt  Accessed Nov.11, 2009

Proctor, George R.  Flora of the Cayman Islands 1984 and second edition (in press) Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Watler, Ena  Bush Medicine,  Nor’wester magazine, Feb. 1973 Cayman Islands National Archive

 

Plants Utowanae 1900

Plantae Utowanae. Plants collected in Bermuda, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Culebras, Santo Domingo, Jamaica, Cuba, the Caymans, Cozumel, Yucatan and the Alacran shoals. Dec. 1898 to Mar. 1899. The Antillean cruise of the yacht Utowana. Mr. Allison V. Armour, owner and master (1900)

Cayman Islands Department of Environment Tea Banker - Pectis caymanensis Species Action Plan

Conservation

Suggestion for CONSERVATION of this delightful, culturally significant little wild flower that grows on sandy beach ridges: gather some seeds and sow them in Miss Lassie’s sand yard and beach. Next year, when the rains come, some may sprout! Tea Banker grew well in Capt. Carl Bush’s sand yard 400 yards further east, next to Sand Cay Apartments.

Miss Lassie's House (Gladwyn K. Bush), with the shutters she painted,
cistern and sand yard, at the junction of South Sound Road and Walkers Road.

Photo: Ann Stafford, Jan. 2013

Miss Lassie's House beach, Sound Sound, Grand Cayman.

Photo: Ann Stafford Jan. 2013